SAT English Grade 7 — Study Notebook

📖 Section 1 — Vocabulary in Context

Question 01 Vocabulary★ HARD

Synonym in Context — meticulous

Example: The chef was meticulous about measuring each ingredient to the nearest gram.
→ Here, meticulous means extremely careful and precise.

"메티큘러스" = 매우 꼼꼼한, 세심한
🧠 암기법: 메(매우) + tic(작은 것) + ulous = 작은 것까지 꼼꼼히 챙기는!

The scientist's meticulous attention to detail ensured that every experiment was replicated under identical conditions.

As used in the passage, "meticulous" most nearly means:

💡 Explanation

정답: B
"meticulous"는 라틴어 meticulosus(두려움)에서 유래. 실수를 두려워할 만큼 꼼꼼하다는 뜻!
문맥상 과학자가 "identical conditions"을 보장했다 → 매우 세심하게 통제했음.
❌ A: hasty(급한)는 반대 의미. ❌ C: moderately(보통으로)는 너무 약함. ❌ D: 전혀 관련 없음.

Question 02 Vocabulary

Nuance — ambiguous vs. vague

🧠 ambiguous = 두 가지 이상의 뜻이 있어서 헷갈리는
vague = 그냥 막연하고 흐릿한
"앰비규어스" → 앰(양쪽) + bi = 양쪽 방향으로 해석 가능!

The politician's statement was deliberately ambiguous, allowing supporters of both sides to interpret it favorably.

Which choice best captures the meaning of "ambiguous" as used above?

💡 Explanation

정답: C
"both sides to interpret it favorably" → 양쪽이 다 유리하게 해석했다 = 두 가지 이상의 해석이 가능했다.
ambiguous = having multiple possible meanings.
❌ A: 명확하다(clear)는 정반대. ❌ D: 거짓(false)과는 무관.

Question 03 Vocabulary★ TRICKY

Word Pair Confusion — affect / effect / elicit / illicit

🧠 초간단 암기!
affect = 동사(영향을 주다) / effect = 명사(결과, 효과)
elicit = 이끌어내다 / illicit = 불법의 (ill = 나쁜)
→ "illicit"의 ill을 기억! 나쁜(ill) 것 = 불법(illicit)

The new policy was intended to change in student behavior by encouraging peer accountability.

Which word correctly completes the sentence?

💡 Explanation

정답: D — elicit
"elicit change" = 변화를 이끌어내다. 문장 구조: intended to [동사] change → 동사 자리.
❌ A: effect는 명사(결과)가 주 용법. 동사로 쓰이면 "실현하다"지만 혼동 유발 오답.
❌ B: illicit = 불법의(형용사), 동사 자리에 올 수 없음.
❌ C: affect = "영향을 미치다"이지 "이끌어내다"가 아님.

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✏️ Section 2 — Grammar & Usage

Question 04 Grammar

Subject-Verb Agreement — Tricky Interrupting Phrases

🧠 암기포인트: 주어-동사 일치
주어와 동사 사이에 끼어든 구(phrase)는 무시!
"The boy [who lives next to the twins] is friendly."
→ 주어 = The boy (단수) → is (단수동사)

The collection of rare stamps that were donated by various philanthropists now on display at the museum.

Which choice correctly completes the sentence?

💡 Explanation

정답: B — is
주어 = "The collection" (단수 명사). "of rare stamps that were donated..." 는 수식어구.
"stamps"가 복수라 헷갈리지만, 동사의 주어는 collection. → 단수 동사 is.
❌ A: stamps를 주어로 착각하면 are를 선택. 전형적인 함정!
❌ C: 현재의 사실이므로 과거시제 부적절.

Question 05 Grammar★ HARD

Pronoun Case — who vs. whom

🧠 who vs. whom 초간단 공식!
→ he/she 자리면 WHO (주격)
→ him/her 자리면 WHOM (목적격)
예: "I called him" → "whom I called" ✅

The teacher awarded extra credit to the students had submitted their projects early.

Which is grammatically correct?

💡 Explanation

정답: A — who
테스트: "they had submitted" → they = 주격 → WHO를 사용.
"the students [who/whom] had submitted" — 이 관계절에서 주어가 없음 → 주격 who.
❌ B: whom을 쓰려면 "students whom the teacher praised" 처럼 목적어 자리여야 함.
❌ D: which는 사람에게 사용 불가.

Question 06 Grammar

Apostrophe & Possession — It's vs. Its

🧠 it's vs. its — 가장 많이 틀리는 포인트!
it's = it is (축약형) ← 발음해보면 바로 확인 가능
its = 그것의 (소유격) ← 아포스트로피 없음!
"The cat licked its paw." / "It's raining."

The committee released final report after months of deliberation.

Which correctly fills the blank?

💡 Explanation

정답: C — its
"the committee's final report" → committee = it → 소유격 its (아포스트로피 없음).
❌ A: it's = "it is" → "The committee released it is final report" → 말이 안 됨.
❌ D: "its'"는 존재하지 않는 형태. 절대 쓰지 않음!

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📗 Section 3 — Reading Comprehension

Question 07 Reading★ HARD

Main Idea vs. Supporting Detail

🧠 Main Idea 찾는 공식:
1) 첫 문장 + 마지막 문장 확인
2) 모든 문장이 지지하는 하나의 생각 찾기
3) 너무 구체적이거나 너무 넓으면 탈락!

Bioluminescence — the ability of living organisms to produce and emit light — serves a variety of functions in nature. Deep-sea creatures use it to attract prey in the darkness of the ocean depths. Fireflies deploy flashing light to communicate with potential mates during the summer months. Some species of bacteria even use bioluminescence as part of their symbiotic relationships with larger host organisms. Despite the diversity of these applications, all cases of bioluminescence share a common chemical foundation: a reaction between the protein luciferin and the enzyme luciferase.

Which of the following best states the main idea of this passage?

💡 Explanation

정답: B
첫 문장: "serves a variety of functions" → 다양한 기능
마지막 문장: "all cases share a common chemical foundation" → 같은 화학적 기반
→ B가 두 핵심을 모두 포함.
❌ A: 반딧불이는 짝짓기용 (세부사항). ❌ C: 심해만이 아님. ❌ D: 박테리아는 예시 중 하나.

Question 08 Reading

Inference — Reading Between the Lines

🧠 Inference(추론) 문제 공식:
① 직접 쓰여 있지 않은 것을 찾는다
② 반드시 지문 내용으로 뒷받침돼야 함
③ "must be true" 수준인지 확인 → 너무 강한 주장은 오답!

When the city council proposed eliminating the downtown farmers' market to make room for additional parking, many residents voiced strong opposition. Petitions were signed, letters were written to local newspapers, and several council members who had initially supported the proposal quietly withdrew their endorsements. The market has operated for thirty years and hosts over two hundred vendors each weekend.

Which of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the passage?

💡 Explanation

정답: D
"council members who had initially supported... quietly withdrew" → 처음 지지했다가 철회.
시민의 청원 + 편지 이후에 일어난 일 → 공공 압력이 영향을 줬다고 추론 가능.
❌ A: 지문은 어느 쪽이 더 중요한지 말하지 않음. ❌ B: "initially supported"에서 처음엔 찬성했음. ❌ C: 재정 어려움 언급 없음.

Question 09 Reading★ TRICKY

Author's Tone & Purpose

🧠 Tone 단어 암기 그룹:
긍정: admiring, enthusiastic, optimistic, celebratory
부정: critical, skeptical, pessimistic, dismissive
중립: objective, analytical, detached, informative
→ 지문의 감정적 단어에 밑줄 쳐보기!

Proponents of social media claim it fosters connection, but the evidence tells a more troubling story. Study after study reveals that heavy social media use is correlated with increased rates of anxiety and depression, particularly among adolescents. The platforms, designed to maximize engagement above all else, show little interest in addressing these documented harms.

The author's tone in this passage is best described as:

💡 Explanation

정답: A — critical and concerned
단서 단어들: "troubling story", "harms", "little interest in addressing" → 부정적이고 우려스러운 톤.
"Proponents claim" vs. "evidence tells a more troubling story" → 주장을 반박하는 구조 = critical.
❌ B: "neutral"이라면 양쪽을 균형 있게 다뤄야 하는데 명백히 한쪽 비판. ❌ C/D: 전혀 해당 없음.

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🖊️ Section 4 — Sentence Completion & Logic

Question 10 Usage

Transition Words — however / therefore / furthermore

🧠 접속부사 암기법:
however = 하지만 (대조) 🔄
therefore = 그러므로 (결과) ➡️
furthermore = 더욱이 (추가) ➕
nevertheless = 그럼에도 불구하고 (양보) 🤷

The team had practiced for months; , the unexpected rainstorm on the day of the competition forced the event to be postponed.

Select the best transition word:

💡 Explanation

정답: C — however
앞: 팀이 열심히 연습했다 (긍정) ↔ 뒤: 비로 인해 연기됐다 (부정적 반전)
대조 관계 → however.
❌ A: therefore는 "결과"를 나타내는데, 연습 → 비가 온 건 인과관계 아님.
❌ B: furthermore는 같은 방향의 추가 내용에 사용.

Question 11 Grammar★ HARD

Dangling Modifier — Misplaced Participial Phrase

🧠 Dangling Modifier(매달린 수식어) 규칙:
분사구는 반드시 바로 뒤 명사를 수식!
"Running down the street, the keys were lost." ❌
→ keys가 running? 말이 안 됨!
"Running down the street, she lost her keys." ✅

Which sentence contains a dangling modifier?

💡 Explanation

정답: B
"Having studied all night" → 누가 공부했는가? → 주어가 필요.
그런데 문장의 주어는 "the exam" → 시험이 공부를 했다? ❌ Dangling modifier!
수정: "Having studied all night, I found the exam surprisingly easy." ✅
❌ A: runner = 지쳤다 ✅ / ❌ C: Maya = 혼란스러웠다 ✅ / ❌ D: mural = 그려졌다 ✅

Question 12 Grammar

Parallel Structure — neither...nor

🧠 Parallel Structure(병렬구조) 법칙:
and / or / but 앞뒤는 같은 품사/형태!
✅ to swim, to run, and to jump (to부정사)
❌ to swim, running, and jump (형태 불일치)

She enjoys hiking in the mountains, kayaking on the lake, and new recipes on weekends.

Which option correctly maintains parallel structure?

💡 Explanation

정답: D — experimenting with
패턴: hiking / kayaking / experimenting → 모두 -ing 형태(동명사) 유지!
❌ A: to experiment = to부정사, 패턴 불일치.
❌ B: "she experiments" = 절(clause), 동명사 자리에 부적절.
❌ C: "the experimenting" — 관사 the가 불필요하고 어색.

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🔥 Section 5 — Advanced Challenge

Question 13 Vocabulary★ TRICKY

Connotation — stubborn vs. determined vs. persistent

🧠 Connotation(함축적 의미):
같은 뜻이라도 감정이 다르다!
stubborn = 고집스러운 (부정적 🔴)
determined = 단호한 (긍정적 🟢)
persistent = 집요한 (중립~약 긍정 🟡)

Despite setbacks, the young inventor continued to refine her prototype, refusing to abandon the project she had worked on for two years.

Which word best describes the inventor's character with a positive connotation?

💡 Explanation

정답: B — determined
문맥: "despite setbacks... refusing to abandon" → 어려움 속에서도 목표를 향해 나아가는 모습.
이 행동은 긍정적으로 묘사됨 → positive connotation이 있는 단어 선택.
❌ A: stubborn = 부정적 (비합리적 고집). ❌ C: obsessive = 부정적 (집착). ❌ D: inflexible = 부정적 (유연하지 못함).

Question 14 Reading

Evidence-Based — Find the Supporting Quote

🧠 Evidence 문제 전략:
이전 문제의 답을 직접적으로 지지하는 문장을 찾아라!
→ "Which lines provide evidence for...?" 유형
→ 너무 일반적인 문장은 탈락. 구체적인 데이터/사실 우선!

[Line 1] The ancient city of Pompeii was preserved under volcanic ash for nearly 1,700 years. [Line 2] The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE buried the city so rapidly that many residents had no time to escape. [Line 3] Archaeologists have discovered bakeries still containing bread in their ovens. [Line 4] Some experts argue that this preservation gives us our most detailed picture of daily Roman life.

Which lines most directly support the claim that "the eruption happened with great speed"?

💡 Explanation

정답: C — Lines 2 and 3
Line 2: "buried so rapidly that many had no time to escape" → 빠른 폭발 직접 언급.
Line 3: "bakeries still containing bread in their ovens" → 빵이 그대로 → 그만큼 갑작스러웠다는 증거.
❌ D: Line 1은 1,700년간 보존됐다는 사실이지 속도와 무관. ❌ A/B: Line 4는 전문가의 의견(interpretation).

Question 15 Grammar★ HARDEST

Semicolons, Colons & Dashes — Punctuation Logic

🧠 구두점 초간단 공식:
세미콜론(;) = 두 개의 완전한 문장 연결
콜론(:) = "즉, 다음과 같다" (앞이 완전한 문장)
대시(—) = 강조하거나 부연 설명 추가
콤마(,) + and = 두 문장 연결 가능

Choose the sentence with correct punctuation:

💡 Explanation

정답: A
"The experiment failed" = 완전한 문장. "the team refused..." = 완전한 문장.
두 문장 사이에 세미콜론(;) 사용 ✅. "however"는 삽입어로 쉼표로 감쌈 ✅.
❌ B: comma splice! 두 완전한 문장을 콤마만으로 연결 불가. "Run-on sentence"의 대표 오류.
❌ C: 콜론 뒤에 however로 시작하는 대조절 오는 건 콜론 용법에 맞지 않음.
❌ D: 세미콜론 위치가 however 뒤로 잘못됨.

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🏆 Section 6 — Final Boss Questions

Question 16 Vocabulary

Roots & Prefixes — Greek/Latin Origins

🧠 어원 암기 시트:
bene- = 좋은 (benefit, benevolent)
mal- = 나쁜 (malicious, malfunction)
mis- = 잘못된 (mistake, mislead)
chron- = 시간 (chronic, chronology)
→ 모르는 단어도 어원으로 유추!

Based on your knowledge of Greek and Latin roots, which word most likely means "the study of the origin of words"?

💡 Explanation

정답: D — etymology
etymon(Greek) = 진짜/진정한 의미 + -logy = 학문 → 단어의 기원을 연구하는 학문.
❌ A: chronology = chron(시간) + logy → 연대기.
❌ B: morphology = morph(형태) + logy → 형태론.
❌ C: anthology = anthos(꽃) + logy → 선집(작품집).

Question 17 Reading★ HARDEST

Rhetorical Purpose — Why Does the Author Include This?

🧠 Rhetorical Purpose 질문 유형:
"The author mentions X in order to...?"
→ 항상 전체 논지(argument)와 연결해서 생각!
→ 예시/통계 = 주장을 뒷받침
→ 반론 = 본인 주장을 강화하기 위해 반박

Critics of standardized testing often argue that such tests fail to capture the full range of a student's abilities. To address this concern, some districts have begun implementing portfolio-based assessments. A study conducted in Vermont found that students in portfolio programs demonstrated greater creativity and self-reflection compared to those in traditional testing environments.

Why does the author mention the Vermont study?

💡 Explanation

정답: B
논리 흐름: 비판(standardized tests fail) → 해결책(portfolio programs) → 연구 결과(증거).
Vermont 연구 = portfolio 방식이 더 효과적이라는 증거 제시.
❌ A: 지문은 standardized test 완전 폐지를 주장하지 않음 → 과도한 해석.
❌ C/D: Vermont 지역 우월성이나 교사 비판과 무관.

Question 18 Grammar

Conditional Sentences — If Clauses (Counterfactual)

🧠 가정법 3가지 초간단 공식:
현실 가능: If + 현재, will + 동사원형
현실 불가(현재): If + 과거, would + 동사원형
현실 불가(과거): If + had p.p., would have + p.p.
→ "If I were you" ← were는 인칭 무관! (be동사 가정법)

If the researchers the data more carefully last year, they would have discovered the error sooner.

Which correctly fills the blank?

💡 Explanation

정답: A — had analyzed
"last year" → 과거의 반사실적 가정 → 가정법 과거완료.
공식: If + had + p.p., would have + p.p.
If they had analyzed ... , they would have discovered ... ✅
❌ B: 단순과거는 가정법이 아닌 사실 진술. ❌ C: would가 if절에 올 수 없음. ❌ D: 형태 오류.

Question 19 Reading★ HARD

Figurative Language — Metaphor vs. Simile vs. Personification

🧠 비유 표현 구별법:
Simile(직유): like/as 사용 "run like the wind"
Metaphor(은유): like/as 없이 "Time is money"
Personification(의인화): 무생물에 사람 특성 부여
Hyperbole(과장): "I've told you a million times!"

"The wind whispered secrets through the pine trees as the last hikers descended the mountain."

Which literary device is primarily used in this sentence?

💡 Explanation

정답: C — Personification
"wind whispered secrets" → 바람이 "속삭이다"(whisper) = 사람의 행동.
무생물(wind)에게 사람의 특성 부여 = Personification.
❌ A: simile이려면 "like/as" 필요. ❌ D: metaphor는 "A is B" 구조. ❌ B: 과장 없음.

Question 20 VocabularyGrammar★ BOSS

Combined Challenge — Vocabulary + Grammar + Logic

🧠 복합 문제 풀이 전략:
1) 문법 오류 먼저 탈락시키기
2) 의미가 맞는지 문맥 확인
3) 논리적으로 가장 자연스러운 것 선택
→ 두 가지 이상 틀린 선택지는 무조건 탈락!

The proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms has become an increasingly formidable challenge for regulators, who must balance free speech concerns with the need to protect public discourse from deliberate manipulation.

Which of the following best replaces the underlined word "proliferation" while preserving both meaning and tone?

💡 Explanation

정답: B — rapid spread
proliferation = 급속한 확산, 번식 (pro- = 앞으로 + -ferate = 가져가다 → 퍼뜨리다).
문맥: 미디어 플랫폼에서의 misinformation = 빠르게 퍼지는 문제 → "rapid spread" ✅
❌ A: decrease(감소)는 반대 의미. ❌ C: "mild"는 "formidable"(강력한)과 모순.
❌ D: "gradual"(점진적)은 proliferation의 '급속성'과 불일치.

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