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SAT English
Grade 12 · 핵심 20문제 워크북
Grammar Vocabulary Reading Writing Expression
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📐 SECTION 1 — GRAMMAR (Q1–Q7)
1
주어와 동사의 수 일치! "Neither A nor B" → B에 동사 일치. "Each / Every / Either" → 단수 동사. 수식어구(of the ~)는 무시하고 진짜 주어를 찾아라!
📝 예제 패턴 Neither the students nor the teacher was ready. (→ teacher에 일치)
Neither the committee members nor the chairman🔊 ______ authorized to release the confidential report without prior approval.
A
were
B
was
C
are
D
have been
정답: B (was)
"Neither A nor B" 구문에서 동사는 B(가까운 주어)에 일치시킵니다. B = "the chairman" → 단수 → was. "members"에 현혹되면 안 됩니다!
🔑 공식: Neither A nor [B] + 동사(B에 일치)
2
분사구문의 의미상 주어 = 주절의 주어! 앞에 분사구문이 오면 뒤의 주어가 반드시 그 행동의 주체여야 한다. 주어가 틀리면 → "dangling modifier" 오류!
📝 예제 패턴 ❌ Walking down the street, the rain started falling. (비가 걷는다?)
✅ Walking down the street, I got soaked.
Which sentence is grammatically CORRECT?
A
Having studied all night, the exam felt easy to Maria.
B
Running through the park, the dog was seen by him.
C
Having studied all night, Maria found the exam manageable.
D
To improve scores, more practice is needed by students.
정답: C
분사구문 "Having studied all night"의 행위자 = Maria → 주절의 주어도 Maria여야 합니다.
A: 주어 "the exam"이 공부한 게 아님 ❌ / B: 주어 "the dog"이 공원을 달린 게 아님 ❌ / D: to부정사구의 행위자 ≠ "practice" ❌
3
병렬구조: and / but / or 앞뒤는 반드시 같은 품사·형태! 동명사끼리, to부정사끼리, 명사끼리. 헷갈리면 and 앞을 보고 맞춰라!
The new CEO's strategy involved restructuring🔊 the company, eliminating🔊 redundant positions, and ______.
A
to invest heavily in new technology
B
new technology investment was pursued
C
investing heavily in new technology
D
the investment of new technology
정답: C (investing)
"restructuring ... eliminating ... and investing" → 세 항목 모두 -ing (동명사) 형태로 맞춰야 합니다.
병렬구조의 핵심: A, B, and C에서 A와 B를 보고 C의 형태를 결정하세요!
4
가정법 공식: If + 과거(were), 주절 = would/could/should + 원형. 현재 사실의 반대 가정! "were" → 3인칭 단수도 "was" 아닌 "were" 사용!
📝 예제 패턴 If she were the president, she would change the policy. (현재 대통령이 아님)
If the research team ______ adequate funding last year, they would have published their findings by now.
A
received
B
had received
C
would receive
D
has received
정답: B (had received)
주절에 "would have published"(과거완료 가정법) → If절은 반드시 had + p.p. (과거완료) 형태!
🔑 가정법 과거완료: If + had p.p. → would/could have + p.p.
5
대명사 일치: 선행사가 단수면 단수 대명사! "everyone / anyone / each / neither" → 단수! 성 중립(they/their)도 SAT에서 허용됨. 하지만 명확한 단수엔 his or her!
Each of the participants🔊 was required to submit ______ research proposal before the deadline.
A
their
B
his or her
C
its
D
our
정답: B (his or her)
"Each of the participants" → 주어는 Each (단수) → 단수 대명사 his or her
SAT 전통 문법에서는 단수 선행사에 "their" 사용을 오답으로 처리하는 경우가 많습니다! 주의!
6
수식어는 수식 대상 바로 옆에! "only / almost / nearly / just" 같은 부사는 위치에 따라 의미가 완전히 달라진다!
Choose the sentence with NO modifier error.
A
She only eats vegetables on Mondays. (→ 월요일에만 채소를 먹는다)
B
The professor almost taught every student in the class.
C
The detective carefully examined only the evidence found at the scene.
D
I nearly drove 500 miles to the conference. (→ nearly = 운전 안 했다?)
정답: C
C: "only the evidence"가 명확히 "그 현장에서 발견된 증거만"을 수식 → 논리 명확 ✅
A: "only eats" vs "eats only on Mondays" 의미 차이 주의
B: "almost every student" vs "taught almost every" 위치 문제
D: "nearly drove" = 운전을 거의 안 했다는 뜻으로 해석될 수 있음
7
세미콜론(;) = 독립절 + 독립절 연결. 콜론(:) = 앞 절이 완전한 문장 + 뒤에 설명/목록. 콤마(,) + 접속사 없이는 쉼표만으로 두 독립절 못 이어! (= comma splice 오류)
Which option correctly punctuates the following sentence?
The results were unprecedented🔊 ______ no scientist had ever observed such rapid cellular regeneration.
A
unprecedented, no scientist
B
unprecedented; no scientist
C
unprecedented and no scientist
D
unprecedented: no scientist
정답: B (세미콜론)
두 절이 모두 독립절(완전한 문장) → 세미콜론(;)으로 연결!
A는 comma splice ❌ / D의 콜론은 앞 절이 "the results were unprecedented"로 완전하지만, 뒤가 앞의 내용을 "설명"하는 게 아니라 동등한 독립절이므로 세미콜론이 더 정확합니다.
📚 SECTION 2 — VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT (Q8–Q12)
8
SAT 고빈도 어휘: ambiguous(모호한), pragmatic(실용적인), equivocal(애매한), candid(솔직한). 문맥에서 반대말/동의어를 찾아 소거법 활용!
The politician's response was deliberately ambiguous🔊, designed to satisfy both conservatives and liberals without committing to either side. In context, "ambiguous" most nearly means:
A
eloquent and persuasive
B
open to multiple interpretations
C
honest and straightforward
D
unnecessarily complicated
정답: B
ambiguous = 여러 가지로 해석될 수 있는, 모호한
문맥 단서: "satisfy both conservatives AND liberals" = 양쪽 다 만족시키는 → 어느 쪽도 명확히 지지 안 함 → "multiple interpretations" ✅
9
어조(tone) 어휘: laudatory(칭찬하는), disparaging(비하하는), impartial(공정한), sardonic(빈정대는), reverent(경건한). 긍/부정 먼저 판단 → 강도 구분!
The author's scathing🔊 review left no doubt about her feelings: the novel was, in her estimation, an egregious🔊 waste of both the author's talent and the reader's time.
The tone of the review is best described as:
A
impartial and analytical
B
reluctantly admiring
C
harshly critical
D
cautiously optimistic
정답: C (harshly critical)
scathing = 신랄한, 혹독한 / egregious = 터무니없이 나쁜
두 단어 모두 강한 부정 → "harshly critical" ✅
함정: "analytical"처럼 중립적 단어는 "left no doubt"와 충돌!
10
비슷해 보이는 단어 구분: infer(추론하다) ≠ imply(암시하다). affect(영향주다) ≠ effect(결과). disinterested(공정한) ≠ uninterested(관심없는)!
The data from the study ______ that increased screen time correlates with decreased attention spans in adolescents.
A
infers
B
suggests
C
assumes
D
concludes
정답: B (suggests)
infer는 사람이 하는 행위 (독자/청자가 추론) → 데이터가 주어일 때 사용 ❌
suggest/imply는 사물(데이터, 연구)이 "암시/시사"할 때 사용 ✅
"concludes" = 확정 결론 → 상관관계 연구에서 과도한 표현 ❌
11
다의어 함정: "check" = 확인, 저지, 수표 / "table" = 보류하다(미국식)! 문맥이 전부다. 절대 첫 번째 의미로 바로 고르지 말 것!
The board of directors voted to table🔊 the proposal until more financial data could be gathered and analyzed.
In the context above, "table" most nearly means:
A
present formally for discussion
B
place on a physical surface
C
postpone for later consideration
D
organize in a chart format
정답: C (postpone)
미국식 영어에서 "table a proposal" = 보류하다, 연기하다 (영국식은 반대로 "논의에 올리다"!)
문맥 단서: "until more data could be gathered" = 나중으로 미루는 것 → C ✅
⚠️ SAT는 미국식 기준!
12
헷갈리는 짝: elusive(파악하기 힘든) vs illusive(환상의) / complement(보완) vs compliment(칭찬) / principle(원칙) vs principal(주요한/교장). 철자 차이로 함정!
The cure for this rare genetic disorder has remained ______ for decades, frustrating researchers who have dedicated their careers to finding it.
A
elusive🔊
B
illusive🔊
C
elucidating🔊
D
exclusive🔊
정답: A (elusive)
elusive = 찾기 어려운, 포착하기 힘든 (= hard to find/achieve) ✅
illusive = 환상적인 / elucidating = 설명하는 / exclusive = 독점적인
문맥: "frustrating researchers" = 연구자들이 찾지 못해 좌절 → "elusive" ✅
📖 SECTION 3 — READING COMPREHENSION (Q13–Q16)
13
주제 찾기: 첫 문장 + 마지막 문장에 주제가 있다! "however / but / yet" 뒤가 핵심. 너무 구체적이거나 너무 일반적인 선택지는 소거!
For centuries, historians believed that the Renaissance🔊 began exclusively in Florence, Italy. However, recent scholarship has challenged this narrative🔊, presenting evidence that similar cultural and intellectual movements were emerging simultaneously in several other European cities. This revised understanding suggests that the Renaissance was less a single, localized event than a broad, interconnected awakening that swept across the continent.
The primary purpose of this passage is to:
A
argue that Florence was irrelevant to the Renaissance
B
challenge a traditional historical view with new evidence
C
explain the economic causes of the Italian Renaissance
D
compare Renaissance art across European nations
정답: B
"However, recent scholarship has challenged this narrative" = 기존 역사관에 도전 → B ✅
A: "irrelevant"는 극단적 표현 ❌ / C·D: 지문에 언급 없음 ❌
🔑 "However" 뒤가 지문의 핵심 논지!
14
추론 문제: 지문에 직접 없는 내용! "suggests / implies / can be inferred" → 지문 근거로만 추론. 상식이나 배경지식으로 답하면 안 됨!
Dr. Chen's laboratory had operated on a shoestring budget for three years. When the grant committee finally approved full funding, her team did not celebrate—they immediately divided the money among seven ongoing experiments, none of which had shown conclusive🔊 results.
Which inference about Dr. Chen's team is BEST supported by the passage?
A
They were disappointed with the amount of funding received.
B
They prioritized personal recognition over scientific progress.
C
They were highly dedicated to their research goals.
D
The experiments they were conducting were already successful.
정답: C
축하도 않고 바로 연구비를 7개 실험에 분배 → 연구에 헌신적 ✅
D: "none had shown conclusive results" = 아직 성공 아님 ❌
A: 금액 불만족은 언급 없음 ❌ / B: 개인 인정 추구 근거 없음 ❌
15
근거 문제: 주장을 가장 잘 뒷받침하는 증거! 구체적 수치/사례 > 일반적 진술. 반박·무관·너무 좁은 범위 소거!
Proponents🔊 of a four-day workweek argue that it increases both productivity🔊 and employee satisfaction. A 2023 trial across 61 companies found that revenue remained stable while employee burnout decreased by 40%. Furthermore, companies reported a 65% reduction in sick days taken.
Which evidence from the passage MOST strongly supports the claim that a four-day workweek benefits companies?
A
Employees reported feeling more satisfied with their jobs.
B
Revenue remained stable while sick days decreased by 65%.
C
Burnout is a common problem in modern workplaces.
D
61 companies participated in the trial.
정답: B
회사 이익 관점: "revenue stable"(수익 유지) + "sick days -65%"(비용 절감) = 기업에 직접적 이득 ✅
A: 직원 만족 = 직원 혜택 (기업 혜택 아님) / C: 일반적 진술, 증거 아님 / D: 참여 수만 언급, 혜택 아님
16
이중 지문: 두 저자의 공통점/차이점! Passage 1 입장 → Passage 2 입장 → 둘의 관계(agree/disagree/qualify). 세부 사실 혼동 주의!
Passage 1: Artificial intelligence will inevitably🔊 displace millions of workers, creating an unprecedented🔊 economic crisis that governments must proactively address.

Passage 2: While AI will certainly transform the labor market, historical evidence suggests that technological disruption consistently creates more jobs than it eliminates, as new industries emerge to meet evolving human needs.
The authors of Passage 1 and Passage 2 would most likely AGREE on which point?
A
AI will have no negative effects on the economy.
B
AI will significantly change the nature of employment.
C
Government intervention is necessary to manage AI's impact.
D
AI will ultimately create more jobs than it eliminates.
정답: B
P1: "displace millions" = 큰 변화 ✅ / P2: "transform the labor market" = 큰 변화 ✅ → 둘 다 동의
C: P2는 정부 개입 언급 없음 ❌ / D: P1은 반대 입장 ❌ / A: P1이 부정 효과 강조 ❌
✍️ SECTION 4 — WRITING & EXPRESSION (Q17–Q20)
17
전환어 구분 필수! 대조: however/nevertheless/yet. 인과: therefore/thus/consequently. 추가: furthermore/moreover. 양보: although/even though. 전환어 = 앞뒤 논리 관계 결정!
📝 관계 → 전환어 매핑 대조(반대): however / nevertheless / in contrast
결과(because): therefore / thus / as a result
추가(plus): furthermore / in addition / moreover
The ancient Egyptians developed sophisticated mathematical systems. ______, their astronomical calculations were accurate enough to predict solar eclipses with remarkable precision.
Which transition word best completes the sentence?
A
However
B
Therefore
C
Furthermore
D
Nevertheless
정답: C (Furthermore)
첫 문장: 수학 시스템 발전 / 두 번째 문장: 천문학 계산도 정확 → 추가 정보를 더하는 관계 → "Furthermore" ✅
"However/Nevertheless" = 대조 (앞뒤가 반대여야 함) ❌ / "Therefore" = 결과 (인과관계여야 함) ❌
18
SAT는 짧고 명확한 표현 선호! 중복(redundancy) 제거: "past history" → "history" / "future plans" → "plans" / "completely finished" → "finished". 가장 간결한 표현이 정답!
Choose the MOST concise and effective version:
A
Due to the fact that she was tired, she went to sleep early.
B
She was tired, and as a result of this, she went to sleep at an early hour.
C
Because she was tired, she went to sleep early.
D
Being tired, the reason why she went to sleep was because it was early.
정답: C
"Due to the fact that" = "Because"로 줄임 ✅
A: "due to the fact that" = 불필요하게 길다 / B: "as a result of this" + "early hour" = 중복 및 장황 / D: 문장 구조 혼란
19
수사적 기능: 예시(to illustrate) / 반박(to counter) / 강조(to emphasize) / 도입(to introduce). 문장이 앞뒤 문맥에서 어떤 역할? 내용이 아닌 "기능"을 물어봄!
Many argue that social media has no real impact on political polarization. To illustrate the contrary🔊, consider that in 2016, users who primarily received news through social media algorithms were 3 times more likely to report extreme political views than those who diversified their news sources.
The statistic in the second sentence primarily serves to:
A
introduce a new topic about media consumption habits
B
support the claim that social media has no political effect
C
provide evidence that counters the opening claim
D
explain why algorithms are technically complex
정답: C
"To illustrate the contrary" = "Many argue ... no impact"의 반대 입장을 증명하기 위한 수치 → "counters the opening claim" ✅
B: 오히려 반대 방향 ❌ / A·D: 지문의 기능과 무관 ❌
20
문장 삽입 위치: 논리 흐름을 따라라! 지시어(this, these, such)가 있으면 앞에 그 명사가 있어야 함. 전환어로 앞뒤 관계 확인. 일반→구체, 주장→근거 순서!
[1] Ocean acidification🔊 poses a severe threat to marine ecosystems. [2] Coral reefs, which support roughly 25% of all marine species, are particularly vulnerable. [3] ______ [4] Without immediate intervention, scientists predict a near-total collapse of tropical reef systems by 2100.
Which sentence, if added, would best fit in position [3]?
A
The ocean covers over 70% of Earth's surface.
B
Many people enjoy snorkeling near coral reefs for recreation.
C
Acidification levels have been rising since the Industrial Revolution.
D
As pH levels drop, corals lose the ability to build and maintain their calcium carbonate structures.
정답: D
[2] 산호초가 취약 → [3] 취약한지 설명 → [4] 붕괴 예측
D: "pH levels drop → corals lose ability" = [2]의 이유 + [4]의 붕괴 예측으로 자연스럽게 연결 ✅
A: 무관 / B: 무관 / C: 원인은 맞지만 [1] 뒤가 더 어울림
?
Complete all 20 questions!