Biology
Cell Biology
Plant cells: cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole. Animal cells: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane. Diffusion moves particles from high → low concentration.
Biology
Photosynthesis
Converts light energy into glucose. Occurs in chloroplasts. Produces oxygen as a by-product.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Biology
Digestion & Nutrition
Enzymes break down food: amylase (starch→sugars), protease (protein→amino acids), lipase (fat→fatty acids + glycerol). Villi increase surface area for absorption.
Chemistry
Atomic Structure
Atom = protons + neutrons (nucleus) + electrons (shells). Atomic number = protons. Mass number = protons + neutrons. Isotopes: same proton number, different neutrons.
Chemistry
Acids & Bases
pH < 7 = acid, pH 7 = neutral, pH > 7 = alkali. Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water. Indicators change colour.
Chemistry
Periodic Table
Elements arranged by atomic number. Groups (columns) have similar properties. Periods (rows) show electron shells. Metals on left, non-metals on right.
Physics
Forces & Motion
Speed = distance ÷ time. Balanced forces = no change in motion. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength.
speed = d/t | W = m × g
Physics
Electricity
Current (A) flows through circuits. Voltage (V) pushes current. Resistance (Ω) opposes current. Series: same current everywhere. Parallel: shared voltage.
V = I × R
Physics
Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed — only transferred. Kinetic, potential, thermal, light, sound, electrical, chemical, nuclear. Power = energy ÷ time.
P = E/t